Excerpts and Annotated Materials

American Revolution

Includes many primary sources, especially the letters and orders of various military commanders and the speeches of Native American leaders. Documents relate to the different alliances that existed between the British, the Americans, and groups of Indians; the threat posed by the loss of Indian allies in the region; and the participation of Indians in various battles and military actions.

General Frederick Haldimand was Governor of Canada during the American Revolution. His papers, printed in Volume 19 of this resource, contain many documents concerning the relationship between the British and their Native American allies during the Revolution.

A warning to the Huron to remain faithful to the "duty" they "owe" to the British Government.

"The Chiefs and Principal Warriors of the Mingoes, Hurons, Delawares, & Shawnese. To Their Father Captain Lernoult Commanding at Detroit." October 1779. Vol. 10, (1888): 364-365.

Indians request support and materials for their campaign against "a large body of Virginians."

"Speech of the Delawares and Shawnese Assembled at the Upper Shawnee Village, to Their Father Major De Peyster Commandant of Detroit, August 22nd 1780." Vol. 10, (1888): 420-421.

An urgent request for help in their conflict with the Virginians.

"Return of Prisoners of War Sent from Detroit." May 16, 1782. Vol. 20, (1892): 18.

List of Americans taken prisoner by the Indians and returned after the war.

Caldwell, William, to Arent de Peyster. June 11, 1782. Vol. 20, (1892): 25-26.
Powell to Haldimand. July 1, 1782. Vol. 20, (1892): 28-29.
Haldimand to Sir Guy Carleton. July 28, 1782. Vol. 20, (1892): 34.

Three documents pertaining to an Indian massacre of US forces under Colonel Crawford in June 1782.

De Peyster to McKee. August 6, 1782. Vol. 20, (1892): 37-38.

Shawnee and Delaware are putting their prisoners to death, an action that may harm US-British relations.

McKee to De Peyster. August 28, 1782. Vol. 20, (1892): 49-51.

An account of the Battle of Blue Licks, Kentucky.

Maclean, Allan, to Haldimand. May 18, 1783. Vol. 20, (1892): 117-121.

Report that the Indians are angry over the terms of the Treaty of Paris ending the American Revolution.

"Indian Speech to the Congress of the United States." 1786. Vol. 13, (1889): 104-105.

Indians of many nations express their dissatisfaction with their treatment by the US following the conclusion of the American Revolution.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

Includes mostly primary sources, esp. letters and speeches to and from Indians and the United States government. Also contained are a few documents that refer to the British reaction to the battle in 1794, and the chain of events leading up to the Treaty of Greenville (1795).

Biographies

Many of the historical essays and personal "reminiscences of pioneer times" include detailed information on specific Native Americans, often chiefs and other leaders such as Kishkorko, Noonday, Okemos, Pokagon, and Shavehead.

Items are listed alphabetically by individual.

Bailey, Francis

Baxter, Albert. "Muskegon Pioneer Remnants." Vol. 26, (1895): 272-274.

Contains an account of Francis Bailey, a "halfbreed" Indian trader and doctor from Muskegon who moved with the Potawatomi to Pentwater.

Bawbese/Baw Bese

Dewey, F. A. "Address at the Farmer's Picnic, Devils Lake, August 22, 1883." Vol. 7, (1886): 536-542.

This account explains several aspects of Potawatomi life, and includes short biographies of chiefs Mitteau and Bawbese.

Dodge, Mrs. Frank P. "Landmarks of Lenawee County." Vol. 38, (1912): 478-491.

This favorable sketch of the Potawatomi includes a short description of Chief Baw Bese.

Bennett, William

Kelley, Edward S. "William Bennett." Vol. 30, (1906): 85-95.

Bennet was an Indian trader and the first white settler in western Michigan. He married a Potawatomi woman, and their children were granted land in the treaties of Saginaw, Chicago, and Tippecanoe.

Cushaway/Cush-ee-wee

Haines, Blanche. "French and Indian Footprints at Three Rivers on the St. Joseph." Vol. 38, (1912): 386-397.

This account mentions Cushaway, a Potawatomi chief, in addition to Indian burial grounds and reports of grave excavations.

Hooker, John S.

"John S. Hooker of Lowell." Vol. 38, (1912): 61-64.

Hooker was a white man who was a friend of Che-na-go. Hooker was an interpreter who was popular with the Native Americans, who called him Cap-squa-itt, referring to his strident voice. He wrote a directory of the Odawa in Michigan and conducted a census. This document also contains a story of Wab-sha-gun and his son, Che-na-go, solving the murder of a white family, as well as the meaning of various Indian words.

"Injun Jim"

Case, James A. "Death & Burial of 'Injun Jim.' An Incident in the Lives of Two Alpena County Pioneers." Vol. 35, (1907): 73-77.

A man known only as "Injun Jim" died in Alpena county during the Civil War. Local women cared for him during his last sickness and then buried him in an unmarked grave along the river.

"Jack"

Lafever, Margaret. "Story of Early Day Life in Michigan." Vol. 38, (1912): 672-677.

Lafever's story includes the account of "Jack," a Canadian "halfbreed" who lived with Lafever's family after her father found him nearly dead.

Johnston, John

Chapman, Charles H. "The Historic Johnston Family of the 'Soo.'" Vol 32, (1903): 305-353.

This biography is about John Johnston, an early settler of the Sault Ste. Marie area, and his family. Johnston married O-shaw-gus-co-day-way-qua, the daughter of Wa-bo-jeeg (White Fisher), a local chief. The document also contains a sketch of the life of Wa-bo-jeeg, five Native American legends, translations for some Ojibwe poetry, and a short history of the Ojibwe nation.

Kaw-baw-gam, Charles

"Memorial Report - Marquette County." Vol. 33, (1904): 743 - 744.

Charles Kaw-baw-gam was the stepson of Shan-wa-non of the Ojibwe. Kaw-baw-gam was popular with local whites, and after his death at 104 years of age, they purchased a bronze statue for his Presque Isle grave.

Kishkorko

(Entires for Kishkorko are listed chronologically)

Hull to Dearborn. December 28, 1807. Vol. 40, (1929): 240-241.

This letter explains that an Ojibwe man named Kish-cou-cough (Kishkorko) had killed a Frenchman around 1800 but eluded the law and become a fugative. This man's father, a highly respected Chief, had asked the government to pardon his son. Hull supports the idea, believing that such an act will help persuade the Ojibwe to ally with the Americans and not the British.

Miller, Albert. "Detroit in 1814." Vol. 13, (1888): 503-507.

Account of armed conflict in 1814 which took place between white settlers under General Cass and Ojibwe Indians under Chief Kish-kaw-ko (Kishkorko).

Trowbridge, Charles C. "Detroit, Past and Present: In Relation to its social and Physical Condition. A Paper read before the Historical Society of Michigan, By Charles C. Trowbridge, May 1864." Vol. 1, (1900): 379.

Contains information on Kishkaukon (Kishkorko, Ojibwe Chief from the Saginaw bay area) and a discussion of two other Indian men, who were tried and hung for the murder of a surgeon.

Whiting, J. L. "Dr. J. L. Whiting's Historic Sketch." Vol. 2, (1880): 460-462.

Dr. Whiting served as the post surgeon at the Saginaw United States Infanty Stockade in 1823. In this account of his experiences there, he describes (in detail) an Ojibwe council at Green Point that dealt with the murder of an Ojibwe man. The individual charged with the crime was Kishkawkaw (Kishkorko).

Williams, B. O. "Early Michigan. Sketch of the Life of Oliver Williams and Family." Vol. 2, (1880): 36-40.

This essay explains the overall friendly relationship that the Williams family enjoyed with the Saginaw area Ojibwe, including Kish Kor Co (Kishkorko).

Stewart, E. M. S., Mrs. "Incidents in the Life of Mr. Eber Ward, Father of Capt. E. B. Ward of Steamboat fame as related to Mrs. E. M. S. Stewart in the Summer of 1852." Vol. 6, (1884): 471-473.

Contains an account of the Ojibwe Chief Kishkaukau's brutality. (Kishkorko).

Jones, George N., Mrs. "Miss Emily Ward, Commonly known as Aunt Emily." Vol. 38, (1912): 581-589.

Describes an 1826 incident on the St. Claire River. Several Indian men, intending to free the Ojibwe Chief Kishkaawko (Kishkorko) from his Detroit jail cell, raided the settlement while all its men were away serving their militia duty. When Aunt Emily fought the Indians off with a broom, they continued onward to Detroit.

"A Visit with a Lady who knew Detroit as a Frontier Post." Vol. 14, (1890): 535-539.

Story of Kish-kaw-koo (Kishkorko, Ojibwe Chief from the Saginaw bay area), and his crime, capture and death. He had murdered a clerk of Judge Riley on the St. Clair River. Also, he committed suicide in his cell before his scheduled hanging.

Ford, Henry. "Historical Detroit." Vol. 10, (1888): 88-97.

Explains that Detroit's first gallows were erected specifically for the execution of an Indian named Kishkaukon (Kishkorko, Ojibwe Chief from the Saginaw bay area). However, he committed suicide in his cell before he could be hung.

Maconce, Francois

Farrond, B. C. "Early History of St. Clair County." Vol. 17, (1890): 430-439.

Pages 432-433 of this account contain a biography of Francois Maconce, a Potawatomi chief from the Swan Creek-Salt River area. He became chief in 1816 and went to Kansas in 1830.

Marsac, Daniel

Hooker, John S. "Daniel Marsac." Vol. 38, (1912): 60-61.

Marsac was a white trader who married an Odawa woman named Je-nute, then abandoned her for a white woman after the couple's child died after being sent to Detroit to be raised "properly."

Maungwudaus

Little, Frank. "Early Recollections of the Indians About Bull Prairie." Vol. 27, (1896): 330-338.

Contains a sketch of Chief Maungwudaus, who traveled to Europe with George Catlin, and also met Henry Clay and Zachary Taylor.

Metean/Ne-ma-gin-as-wot

Dodge, Mrs. Frank P. "Landmarks of Lenawee County." Vol. 38, (1912): 478-491.

This favorable sketch of the Potawatomi includes a short description of Chief Metean or Ne-ma-gin-as-wot.

Mitteau

Dewey, F. A. "Address at the Farmer's Picnic, Devils Lake, August 22, 1883." Vol. 7, (1886): 536-542.

This account explains several aspects of Potawatomi life, and includes short biographies of chiefs Mitteau and Bawbese.

Naw-gaw-nee, Peter

Day, J. E. "Sketch of Peter Naw-gaw-nee, a Celebrated Indian of the Isabella County Reservation." Vol. 27, (1890): 328-329.

Naw-gaw-nee was present at the Battle of the Thames where Tecumseh died. He was a friend of Governor William Hull and was present at the Treaties of Detroit and Saginaw. He settled on the Isabella Reservation in 1864 and died in 1895. His wife left him and both of his sons died at early ages.

Noonday/Newequa Geezig

Van Buren, A. D. P. "Noonday, the Ottawa Chief. He Was in the Battle of the Thames, and Sees Col. R. M. Johnson Shoot Tecumseh, Whom He Carries Off the Battlefield." Vol. 10, (1888): 158-161.

Weissert, Charles A. "The Indians and the Trading Posts in the Northwest of Barry County, Michigan." Vol. 38, (1912): 654-672.

This history of the Potawatomi near Kalamazoo contains a sketch of their chief, Noonday, or Newequa Geezig, along with descriptions of their daily life.

Ohshawano, Edward

Gilbert, Mrs. Thomas D. "Memories of the 'Soo.'" Vol. 30, (1906): 623-633.

Contains a biography of Edward Ohshawano, a chieftain of the Indians at Saulte Ste. Marie. It also contains a story of an Indian burial site which is now under the canals, as well as a sketch of Henry Rowe Schoolcraft's wife, who was also Native American.

Okemos/Ogemos

Chatterton, M. D. "Indian Funeral Scene." Vol. 27, (1896): 338-340.

This account describes Okemos as a beggar, and recounts the funeral of Okemos' daughter in Ingham County.

Farrond, B. C. "Early History of St. Clair County." Vol. 17, (1890): 430-439.

Pages 433-434 of this account contain a biography of Okemos or Ogemos, who was a nephew of Pontiac who died in 1858 at over 100 years of age.

Jenison, O. A. "Paper by O. A. Jenison, Read February 5th, 1879." Vol. 3, (1881): 48-52.

Jenison presents to Pioneer Society of the State of Michigan with an ambrotype photograph of Chief Okemos. This paper is a detailed biography of Okemos, who fought with the British during the American Revolution, was a non-hereditary chief, and died in 1858.

Niles, M. J. "Old times in Clinton County." Vol. 14, (1890): 620-626.

Briefly discusses Okemos and the items which were buried with him in 1858.

Potter, Theodore. "A Boy's Story of Pioneer Life in Michigan." Vol. 35, (1907): 393-412.

Contains the author's telling of his experiences with Chief Okemos of Lansing, including Okemos' character and adventures hunting deer together.

Pecitiac

Goodyear, Henry. "Indians of Barry County." Vol. 35, (1907): 637-643.

This character sketch of the Odawa and Potawatomi contains a short biography of Chief Pecitiac.

Pokagon

Coolidge, Orville W. "Address at the dedication of the Boulder Marking the site of Fort St. Joseph." Vol. 39, (1915): 283-291.

Includes discussion of white missionaries' work with Indians, especially Chief Pokagon, whose complete written request for a missionary in 1831 is included.

Copley, A. B. "The Pottawattomies." Vol. 14, (1890): 256-267.

This brief history of the Potawatomi nation contains short biographies of several chiefs, including Pokagon.

Girardin, J. A. "Life and Times of Rev. Gabriel Richard." Vol. 1, (1900): 493.

This essay contains a dialogue that took place in July of 1830 in which Chief Pokagon of the Potawatomi requested from Father Richard a resident missionary for his people.

Pontiac

Headley, J. T. "Pontiac; or the Siege of Detroit." Vol. 21, (1892): 613-639.

This is the story of Pontiac's life, including a lengthy description of the siege of Detroit.

Riley, John

Farrond, B. C. "Early History of St. Clair County." Vol. 17, (1890): 430-439.

Pages 434-437 of this account contain a biography of John Riley, an Ojibwe chief from Port Huron whose father was white. Riley is mentioned in Article 3 of the Treaty of Saginaw. He died in 1842.

"Rodd, Old Mother"

Farrond, B. C. "Early History of St. Clair County." Vol. 18, (1891): 430-439.

"Old Mother Rodd" was a Native American who was from the Port Huron area but was not Ojibwe. She was an expert in herbal medicine, lived on the Sarnia reservation, and died in 1870 at over 100 years of age.

Sagamaw

Scott, A. H. "Indians in Kalamazoo County." Vol. 10, (1888): 163-166.

This account of the Kalamazoo reservations during the 1830s and 1840s contains a short biography of Chief Sagamaw.

Saugahash

"Saugahash's Grave Marked by Three Rivers' Daughters of the American Revolution." Vol. 38, (1912): 400-401.

Saugahash was a Potawatomi chief who was killed by his own people for signing the treaty of removal in 1835.

Schoolcraft, Mrs. Henry Rowe

Gilbert, Mrs. Thomas D. "Memories of the 'Soo.'" Vol. 30, (1906): 623-633.

Contains a biography of Edward Ohshawano, a chieftain of the Indians at Saulte Ste. Marie. It also contains a story of an Indian burial site which is now under the canals, as well as a sketch of Henry Rowe Schoolcraft's wife, who was also Native American.

Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, to Anna Jameson. nd. Vol. 36, (1908): 95-100.

A letter containing a short biography of Schoolcraft's wife, the granddaughter of Chief Wau-bo-jeeg of the Chippewa. His wife, who is not named in the account, was born in 1800 and died in 1842.

Shavehead

Copley, A. B. "The Pottawattomies." Vol. 14, (1890): 256-267.

This brief history of the Potawatomi nation contains short biographies of several chiefs, includng Shavehead.

Smith, Edwin S. "Pioneer Days in Kalamazoo and Van Buren." Vol. 14, (1890): 272-280.

This character sketch of the Potawatomi contains short biographies of chiefs including Shavehead.

Shon-e-kay-zhich/Little Jim Fletcher

Gould, Lucius E. "The Passing of the Old Town." Vol. 30, (1906): 352-396.

Pages 367-370 of this account contains a sketch of Shon-e-kay-zhich or Little Jim Fletcher, a white captive raised as an Indian.

Skako

Gould, Lucius E. "The Passing of the Old Town." Vol. 30, (1906): 352-396.

Page 358 of this account contains a sketch of Skako, a Native American chief.

Tanner, John

Gilbert, Angie Bingham. "The Story of John Tanner." Vol. 38, (1912): 196-201.

Tanner was a "white Indian" who was suspected of killing Henry Rowe Schoolcraft's brother. He disappeared and was never again found. While Schoolcraft believed that Tanner was guilty, some sources say that a white army officer committed the crime.

Steere, Joseph H. "Sketch of John Tanner, Known as the 'White Indian.'" Vol. 22, (1893): 246-254.

Tanner was a white man who had been taken prisoner by the Ojibwe as a child. He served the US as an interpreter. He has the distinction of having a state law passed specifically preventing him from harming his daughter, subjecting him to fines or imprisonment. He disappeared after being suspected of killing James Schoolcraft in Sault Ste. Marie in 1846, but another man reportedly confessed to the crime on his deathbed. Tanner was never seen again.

Topinabee

Copley, A. B. "The Pottawattomies." Vol. 14, (1890): 256-267.

This brief history of the Potawatomi nation contains short biographies of several chiefs, includng Topinabee.

Wabojeeg/White Fisher

Chapman, Charles H. "The Historic Johnston Family of the 'Soo.'" Vol 32, (1903): 305-353.

This account of the Johnston family contains a biography of Chief Wa-bo-jeeg, or White Fisher, whose daughter married John Johnston.

Conflicts between Native Americans

Criminality and Legality

This section is composed of a variety of sources (letters, essays, memorandums, etc.) that deal with issues of law, violence, trial, and punishment. Accounts discuss both Native American and Euro-American legal customs and perspectives as well as developments that took place when these different systems interacted. The majority of the crimes discussed are murders committed by both Whites and Indians. Many of the sources make reference to the Saginaw Ojibwe Chief Kishkorko, who had intricate dealings with the law in both cultures during his lifetime.

Ethnography - General

This section has been subdivided into four categories: Ojibwe (Chippewa), Odawa (Ottawa), Potawatomi, and General (meaning that the Native Americans discussed in the document are referred to only as "Indians" and not by a more specific or accurate name). Entries include information on subsistence techniques, personality, gender roles, clothing, housing, hospitality, leadership, drinking habits, burial practices, dances, disease, games and social activities, medicines, totems, justice, naming customs, teaching, religious practices, and beliefs, and the process of as well as resistance to the Potawatomi Removal (1840).

General Ethnography

Ethnography - Odawa

Odawa Ethnography

Ethnography - Ojibwe

Ojibwe Ethnography

Ethnography -Potawatomi

Fur Trade

Entries are listed chronologically.

Campigny to ?. October 13, 1697. Vol. 33, (1904): 72-77.

Trading licences to go among the Odawa are being revoked by the King. Also refers to trade with the Miami and Sioux.

Beauharnois and Hocquart. "Plans to Prevent the English from Trading with the Indians." October 15, 1730. Vol. 34, (1905): 70-72

Authors recommend newer and more goods and the creation of a Detroit garrison of 50-60 men.

Perrault, Jean Baptiste. "Narrative of the Travels and Adventures of a Merchant Voyager in the Savage Territories of Northern America Leaving Montreal the 28th of May 1783 (to 1820)." Vol. 37, (1910): 508-619.

First person narrative of life in the fur trade industry, with maps.

Williams, Meade C. "The Early Fur Trade in North America." Vol. 35, (1907): 58-73.

A detailed history of the fur trade in the 1820s, including statistical information on the various exchange rates of furs for goods.

Johnston, William. "Letters on the Fur Trade 1833." Vol. 37, (1910): 132-207.

Johnston's letters to his sister from July 23 to November 28, 1833. They detail his travels and exeriences in the Northwest Territory fur trade.

Gilbert, Thomas O. "Development of Western Michigan." Vol. 17, (1890): 319-325.

Contains descriptions of three fur traders from the 1830s: Rix Robinson, Louis Campeau, and William Lasley.

General Relations with the Americans

Report on a US attack on Shawnee towns.

"Additional News from Detroit." December 11, 1790. Vol. 24, (1894): 159-162.

Recounts Indian attack on US militia near Detroit in October.

Henry Knox to Thomas Proctor. March 11, 1791. Vol. 24, (1894): 180-186.

Secretary of War's instructions to head of the mission to the Miami and Wabash Indians. Proctor is to convince them to attend a treaty council at Fort Washington. Includes a speech from Knox addressed to the Indians.

Knox to ?. March 21, 1791. Vol. 24, (1894): 186-197.

Knox's instructions for the protection of frontier settlements in case of a war with the Indians. Includes plans for building forts that Knox acknowledges will anger the British.

"Letters of Col. John Frances Hamtramck." Vol. 34, (1905): 734-740.

This series of letters charts the diplomatic relations between Indians and American government officials in the months which preceeded the signing of the Treaty of Greenville in 1795.

Reverend Joseph Badger to William Hull. July 30, 1805. Vol. 40, (1929): 63-65.
Hull to Badger. August 7, 1805. Vol. 40, (1929): 65-66.
Badger to Hull. August 20, 1805. Vol. 40, (1929): 66-68.

Badger is a missionary to Wyandots, and is helping The Crane deal with attempts by Isaac Williams to defraud the Wyandots out of their land. He encourages them to teach their children English and to abstain from alcohol. He reports several incidents of whites attacking Indians, and wants the offenders driven away.

Chitta (Isaac Williams) to Walk In The Water. August 6, 1805. Vol. 40, (1929): 75-76.

Williams is American who is attempting to convince the Wyandots that the Treaty of Swan Creek was fraudulent. In reality, Williams is trying to defraud the Indians of their land.

Wilkinson, J. "Proclamation in Regard to Trade." August 26, 1805. Vol. 25: 217.

Wilkinson is the Superintendant of Indian Affairs for the Territory of Louisiana. He is trying to prohibit the citizens of foreign countries from trading with Indians on the Missouri River.

Hull to Henry Dearborn. September 19, 1805. Vol. 40, (1929): 58-62.

Hull has convinced the chiefs of the Wyandots to stay friendly with the United States. Includes speeches from the Wyandots who are angry at Isaac Williams' attempts to defraud them of their land. They also ask for a blacksmith per the terms of the Treaty of Greenville.

Hull to Henry Dearborn. October 28, 1805. Vol. 40, (1929): 77-78.

Concerning Western Indians' entreaties to the Ojibwe, Potawatomi , Odawa, and Shawnee to join in a confederacy against the US. Also, more information on Isaac Williams.

Griswold, Stanley. "General Orders 15." November 15, 1805. Vol. 36, (1908): 159-161.

Griswold urges a defensive stance against the local Indians who seem tranquil but might be induced to revolt by the western Indian confederacy.

J. Dunham to Hull. May 20, 1807. Vol. 40, (1929): 123-127.

Dunham is fearful of Indian activities and councils around Michilimackinac. He fears that they may be due to the efforts of Tenskwatawa, the Shawnee Prophet, whom Dunham refers to as "Second Adam." Dunham's efforts to arrest the Prophet failed.

Dunham to Hull. June 18, 1807. Vol. 40, (1929): 142-143.

The Ojibwe and Odawa at Michilimackinac refuse to attend a treaty council on the advice of the Shawnee Prophet, but still want their annuities.

Hull to Dearborn. June 22, 1807. Vol. 40, (1929): 139-142.

Recounts a council with the Ojibwe and the influence of Tenskwatawa, who Hull thinks is a British agent.

Hull to Dearborn. July 4, 1807. Vol. 40, (1929): 151-153.

Reports the refusal of the Saginaw Indians to attend a council. Includes a description of Machonse, a chief who receives more annuity money than others in his nation and may have murdered someone.

Hull to Dearborn. July 25, 1807. Vol. 40, (1929): 159-162.

Fearful of an attack by the northwestern Indian confederacy as a result of Tenskwatawa's influence. Hull thinks the Prophet is a British agent. He also believes that the Odawa, Ojibwe, Wyandots, and Potawatomi are friendly to the US.

Hull to Dearborn. August 4, 1807. Vol. 40, (1929): 169-171.

Hull says he will not pursue a new treaty because the Native Americans are angry with the US, are going to the British for presents, and the Potawatomi may be preparing to strike against the US.

Woodward, Augustus. "Reports of Indian Alarms." August 14, 1807. Vol. 40, (1929): 174-177.

List of seven reports by settlers of Indian activities at Lake Erie, Michilimackinac, and Chicago. Includes a report that Detroit is to be taken and all Americans are to be killed.

Hull to Dearborn. August 16, 1807. Vol. 40, (1929): 182-187.

Local Indians have vowed not to help the Confederacy or the British, but Hull has plans in case of an attack.

Hull to Dearborn. September 9, 1807. Vol. 40, (1929): 197-203.

Odawa, Ojibwe, Potawatomi , and Wyandots vow their friendship to the US and denounce Tenskwatawa. Blue Jacket assures Hull that the Prophet is actually friendly to the US, and that he merely wants the Indians to refrain from drinking. Hull requests more money to spend keeping the Indians happy.

Hull to Dearborn. November 24, 1807. Vol. 40, (1929): 253-254.

Aubayway, chief of unnamed tribe, assures Hull that he rejected British entreaties to rise against the US.

Hull to Dearborn. December 5, 1807. Vol. 40, (1929): 255-257.

Again, the local Indians assure Hull that they will support the US. Also, reports of British attempts to get them to attack Detroit.

Hull to William Eustis. January 25, 1810. Vol. 40, (1929): 310-311.

Hull asks for more money for Indian annuities and department expenses. Describes the threat of the Indians going to the British or attacking the US if they are not given enough food and gifts.

"Regulations for the Indian Department." September 15, 1814. Vol. 32, (1903): 553-555.

From the Governor of Michigan, regulating presents, annuities, agents, interpreters, and other matters.

"A List of Indian Agents and Interpreters." February 16, 1815. Vol. 32, (1903): 567.

A list of 23 names including their residences.

Woodbridge Papers. May 6-July 9, 1815. Vol. 32, (1903): 567-573.

This section contains letter to and from Governor Woodbridge relating to Indians after the Treaty of Ghent, the sale of liquor, and general trade with the Indians.

Lewis Cass to Major Burwick. July 28, 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 186-187.

Cass demands that Canadian Indians stop attacking US boats and settlers on Hickory Island.

R. James to William Henry Harrison. August 29, 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 229-231.

Resolves the question of whether the various Native American tribes were aware of all the articles of the Treaty of Ghent, but neither side (US or British) is sure that the Indians will abide by the terms for long.

William Henry Puthoff to Daniel Mitchell. September 9-October 5, 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 252-255.

This exchange of letters regards Puthoff's banning of Elizabeth Mitchell from interacting with the Indians at Mackinac because she has no ties to either the British or the US. She was selling liquor to the Indians in violation of US law.

Cass to the President. August 8, 1825. Vol. 36, (1908): 502-504.

Cass angry that British newspapers are attacking US Indian policies. He also opposes the removal of the Indians to the west of the Mississippi, a position which he later reversed.

Cass to Secretary of War. November 26, 1828. Vol. 36, (1908): 567-569.

Cass wants extra pay for serving as acting Commissioner of Indian Affairs and doing extra duty per instructions of the War Department.

"Petitions Regarding Depredations by Chippewas, 1831." October 9, 1831. Vol. 37, (1910): 225-228.

The citizens of the township of Hamtramck petition Governor Porter to remove a group of Ojibwe from their land. Also, the citizens request to be compensated for their losses.

"Chippewa Chiefs Request Government Sanction." October 18, 1831. Vol. 37, (1910): 229-230.

Chiefs of the Sault Ste. Marie Ojibwe want the President to sanction their decision to give a portion of their land to the Ojibwe of Grape Island in Lake Ontario. Also, the chiefs ask for funds to help them become agriculturalists.

Little, Henry. "A History of the Black Hawk War of 1832." Vol. 5, (1884): 152-178.

Explains the Indian participation in the war. Also, Little's essay gives physical descriptions of Indian leaders like Chief Noonday as well as explanations of the alliances between different nations.

Buckner, E. "A Brief History of the War with the Sac and Fox Indians in Illinois and Michigan, in 1832, with Twenty-One Letters and Orders." Vol. 12, (1888): 424-436.

The title is self-explanatory.

"The Black Hawk War." Vol. 31, (1902): 313-471.

A history of the Black Hawk War of 1832. Composed of the papers of General J. R. Williamson and a few newspaper articles

Gosa and L. Slater. "Complaint of Grand River Indians to Gov. Porter." February 1, 1833. Vol. 37, (1910): 256-257.

Includes a first-person narrative from Gosa, who was beaten by several whites near Grand Rapids, asking for government protection.

Tremble, B. "Shiawassee Chiefs Refuse to Have their Lands Ploughed. Saginaw, May 21, 1833." Vol. 37, (1910): 262-263.

The title is self-explanatory.

"Complaint of Indians at Grand Rapids to Gov. Porter. May 17, 1833." Vol. 37, (1910): 260-261.

Indians, including Gosa, again petition Porter for government protection against Louis Campeau, a local trader.

"Journal of a Council Held at Green Bay, Michigan Territory, by George B. Porter, Commissioner on the Part of the United States, with the Menomonee Nation of Indians, 1833." Vol. 37, (1910): 263-277.

Discusses treaties, alcohol, and general relations with the United States.

General Relations with the British

This section is comprised mostly of letters, speeches, and memorandums of British officials such as Henry Bouquet, General Robert McKee, Robert McDonnall, and Arent de Peyster. For specific information concerning Indian relations with various governments during the time periods of the American Revolution, Battle of Fallen Timbers, or War of 1812, see the sections that bear those titles.

Entries are listed chronologically.

Donald Campbell to Henry Bouquet. June 1, 1761. Vol. 19, (1891): 70-71.

Complaining about Indians traveling to Niagra for rum and not returning with any trade goods.

Alvord, Clarence Walworth. "The Genesis of the Proclamation of 1763." Vol. 36, (1908): 20-52.

History and analysis of the Proclamation which restricted white settlement in the west. Includes description of relations with the Indians.

King George. "A Proclamation." October 7, 1763. Vol. 36, (1908): 14-19.

Text of the Proclamation of 1763 restricting white settlement west of the Appalachians.

De Peyster, Arent S. "Letters and Speeches of Indian Affairs." 1781. Vol. 13, (1889): 41-47.

Major De Peyster and other British officials discuss various matter with the Huron, Delaware, Kooshaking, and Moravian representatives.

De Peyster. "Chippewa Land Allotments." May 13, 1782. Vol. 13, (1889): 46.

A letter to General Haldimand explaining that the Detroit Ojibwe have consented to allow white settlers to cultivate land on the Huron River.

Johnson, John. "Instructions for the Officer Commanding the Indian Department at Detroit, 1783." Vol. 13, (1889): 72.

"Lord Dorchester's Instructions to Sir John Johnson for Good Government of the Indian Department." 1787. Vol. 23, (1893): 627-632.

Instructions on such matters as etiquitte, trade, and purchase of land.

"Court of Inquiry." June 24, 1788. Vol. 11, (1888): 514-619.

Transcripts of a British court of inquiry which was convened at Michilimackinac to investigate the conduct of persons employed by the Indian Department.

"Court of Inquiry." 1788. Vol. 13, (1889): 86-89.

Notes of the court that was established by the British government to investigate wrongdoings by persons employed by the Indian Department.

John Butler to Joseph Chew. April 27, 1794. Vol. 20, (1892): 342-343.

Discusses possibility of war with the US and British assurances to the Indians that the British will not abandon them.

Chew to Thomas Coffin. January 5, 1795. Vol. 20, (1892): 387-389.

Discusses purchase of land from Native Americans, the ban on the sale of rum to them, and Sir William Johnson's relations with them.

Doyle, William. "Copy of a Commission by Major Doyle to Keehwitamigistcaw." 1796. Vol. 12, (1888): 217.

Doyle appoints Keehwitamigistcaw a chief of the Ojibwe Indians for his defense of English traders at Saulte Ste. Marie.

Prevost, George. "Instructions for the Good Government of the Indian Department." May 1, 1812. Vol. 25, (1894): 295-304.

Advice to the new Superintendant of Indian Affairs on such things as presents, ceremonies, councils, and trade.

Bulger, Dickson. "Court of Inquiry." 1814. Vol. 15, (1889): 669-674.

Court established at Green Bay to investigate losses experienced by Indians.

Lieut. Gen. Drummond to George Prevost. February 8, 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 47

Suggests route by which the Lake Ontario Indians can be moved to territory along the Mississippi River, fears they will think the English are trying to get out of giving them gifts.

Bulger to Robert McDonall. March 15, 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 65-66.

Informs McDonall that Indians will arrive at Green Bay soon, and that they need a blacksmith to repair their weapons.

William Caldwell to William Claus. June 15, 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 133-134.

Letter concerning whether Ojibwe should be allowed to remain at the Thames River to plant corn.

McDonall to Sir George Murray. June 24, 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 136-138.

McDonall reports that Americans are violating the Treaty of Ghent to cut the British off from their Indian allies. He is worried that the Indians might think the British are abandoning them.

R. James to Major General F. P. Robinson. July 16, 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 173-176.

Commander of Fort Sandwich describes relations with the Indians at Burlington, Amherstburg, Sandwich, and Delaware. Letter refers to Ojibwe, Sauks, and Shawnee. Also reports of Indians crossing "the river" to hunt, apparently in US territory.

McDonall to Major Morgan. August 3, 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 198-199.

Worried that Americans will think Sauk attacks on the US were prompted by the British.

McDonall to Fredrick Robinson. August 19, 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 219-221.

Worried about US plans to erect a string of forts in violation of the Treaty of Ghent which will cut the British off from their western allies.

James, Reginald. "Proceedings of a Court of Inquiry." August 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 208-213.

Inquiry into depredations of Indians against Americans around Detroit to see if British officers were responsible for them. Predictably, the court decides that they were not.

James to Robinson. September 6, 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 244-245.

James comments on William Henry Harrison's meeting with Ontario Indians at Detroit, and says that Harrison failed to convince them to sell their lands or that the US had actually defeated Britain during the War of 1812.

Murray, Pat. "From Mr. Murray. Unaddressed." September 15, 1815. Vol. 12, (1888): 40.

Murray relates a rumor that the Ojibwe were planning to attack the English at Detroit.

McDonall to Frederick Robinson. 2 items. September 23-24, 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 287-290.

Refers to Sauk attacks under Black Hawk against the US. The US wants to build forts in violation of the terms of the Treaty of Ghent and they charge that the British have prompted the Indian attacks. Also expresses the suspicion that US agents are cheating Indians of their presents with whiskey.

McDonall. "Report from Court of Inquiry." October 6-10, 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 290-302.

Court deciding if the British ordered the attacks by Black Hawk. The British decide that, since the attack took place two days after the peace was announced and that they attempted to convince the Sauks not to attack, in addition to the fact that the Indians did not yet know of the peace treaty, the British were not culpable.

McDonall to Major Foster. October 10, 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 325-327.

McDonall is again worried that US plans to build forts in the Great Lakes region in violation of the Treaty of Ghent will lead to war with the Indians.

McDonall to Foster. October 26, 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 367.

Concerning the ownership of Drummond Island, relations with the Ojibwe, and the protection of the Western Indians against the US.

McDonall to Chambers. November 5, 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 380-383.

More information regarding the reaction of the Indians to the Treaty of Ghent, and uncertainty over whether war will break out again between the British and the US.

"Indian Department Orders." November 15-December 30, 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 391-395.

Orders regarding provisions and requisitions at Drummond Island. Mentions Odawa named Winnebeeway and an interpreter named Assenach.

McDonall to Military Secretary. June 17, 1816. Vol. 16, (1890): 463-466.

Fears that reduction in Drummond Island forces and the influx of Indians from the West, along with US plans to build forts, will result in hostilities. Mentions problems with the Winnebagoes specifically.

McDonell to ?. June 19, 1816. Vol. 16, (1890): 468-469.

A large group of Sioux are converging at Drummond Island. La Feuille and Little Corbean are their chiefs. Letter discusses a western Indian confederacy against the Americans.

"Indian Pension List." February 1, 1821. Vol. 23, (1893): 109.

Lists names and dates for Iroquois who receive pensions from the British.

"Address of Port Sarnia Indians to the Queen, 1841." Vol. 12, (1888): 455-457.

Ojibwe Indians of Canada's St. Clair reservation ask the British Queen to resolve their annuity issues with the Canadian government.

Bates, William R. "The Development of Flint." Vol. 35, (1907): 359-387.

Discusses Indian names, the Ojibwe's conflict with the Sauks and alliance with the British.

General Relations with the French

This section is comprised mostly of letters, speeches, and memorandums of French officials such as Cadillac, Vaudreuil, Raudot, as well as speeches made by Native American leaders to the French during council meetings. For the most part, this section concerns the interactions that the French had with Native Americans (specifically Odawa and Miami) residing in the areas around Detroit.

General Histories

Burton, C. M. "Fort Pontchartrain Du Detroit." Vol. 29, : 240-317.

This account of the French tenure at Detroit includes many aspects of French-Indian relations. Pages 244-248 deal with the Iroquois alliance with English. Pages 264-267 discuss trade with the Indians. Pages 283-295 deal with a war between the Odawa and the Maimis. Finally, pages 295-303 deal with general issues such as alcohol and trade.

Crossman, D. L. "Early French Occupation of Michigan." Vol. 14, (1890): 651-668.

Begins with a lengthy discussion of the first European explorers to visit the Americas, including an argument that states the Irish Bishop, St. Joseph, brought civilization to the Aztecs in the sixth century. Crossman then proceeds to discuss issues more relevant to Michigan's Indians: early visits to Europe, first experiences with missionaries, first execution by a European court (1683), involvement in fur trade, political / military relations with England and France, and a detailed account of Pontiac's conspiracy.

Primary Documents

Entries are listed chronologically.

Cadillac to Unknown. October 18, 1700. Vol. 33, : 96-101.

This letter discusses the founding of Detroit and its importance to relations with Indians.

Jean Mermet to Cadillac. April 19, 1702. Vol. 33, : 118-119.

C. H. Veneau to Cadillac. June 4, 1702. Vol. 33, : 123-124.

J. Marest to Cadillac. July 23, 1702. Vol. 33, : 126-129.

Letters of protest from the Jesuits to Cadillac. This letter expresses their anger about Quarante Sous, a Miami chief and his group's hunting increase. These also mention the Jesuits invitation to the Maimi to settle near Detroit.

Cadillac to Unknown. September 25, 1702. Vol. 33, : 133-151.

This letter discusses advantages of Fort Detroit and its impact on Indians, specifically in preventing the negative influence of traders, associated with drinking alcohol and immorality).

Joseph Marset to Cadillac. May 12, 1703. Vol. 33, : 159-160.

Fifteenth letter of the Jesuits' sent to Cadillac. This one pertains to the relocation of Mackinac Indians to Detroit.

Cadillac to Unknown. August 31, 1703. Vol. 33, : 161-181.

A report on the conditions at Detroit, including discussions regarding relocation of the Michilimackinac Indians to Detroit (162-164) and the Hurons' desire to ally with the French (165-166).

"Memorandum of M. De la Mothe Cadillac Concerning the Establishment of Detroit." Novemeber 19, 1704. Vol. 33, : 198-241.

In a question and answer format, Cadillac answers charges of the Jesuits' regarding trade with Indians, brandy, attacks of Miami on other tribes, etc.

Marset to Vaudreuil. August 14, 1706. Vol. 33, : 262-269.

Letter regarding the hostilities between the Odawas and the Miamis, and Cadillac's involvement.

Cadillac to Vaudreuil. August 27, 1706. Vol. 33, : 272-285.

Discusses the war between the Maimi and the Odawa, including the Odawa's attack on Detroit.

"Talk of Marquis De Vaudreuil with the Sonnontouans." September 4, 1706. Vol. 33, : 285-288.

Attempting to discover why the Odawa attacked the Maimi at Detroit.

"Speech of Miscouaky, Chief of the Outaouas, to Marquis De Vaudreuil." September 26, 1706. Vol. 33, : 288-294.

Explains that the Odawa attacked the Miami because they were going to attack Odawa villages, that the Odawa Chief Le Pesant proposed the attack and on one could change his mind, and that the French were killed accidentally. Also, they still want to fight the Huron and Miami.

"Replies of m. De Vaudreuil to Miscopuaky, Chief of the Outaouas." November 4, 1706. Vol. 33, : 294-296.

Vaudreuil orders the Odawa not to go to war against Miami and Huron. He also states his desire for the Odawa to take responsibility of the death of the Frenchmen who were killed at Detroit and denies them presents and supplies until spring.

"Words of the Outauois, on the 18th of June with the Answers." June 18, 1707. Vol. 33, : 319-325.

Jean Le Blanc brought prisoners to make amends for the killing of a priest at Detroit, but Vaudreuil demands the head of Le Pesant, who ordered the attack.

"Words of the Outauois, on the 21st of June with the Answers." June 21, 1707. Vol. 33, : 324-326.

Le Blanc says he can't deliver Le Pesant's head because he is allied with many tribes; Vaudreuil says Le Blanc must agree not to obey Le Pesant anymore and must make peace with the Miami and French at Detroit.

Vaudreuil to Unknown. July 24, 1707. Vol. 33, : 328-331.

Concerns Le Blanc's attempts to make reparations for death of Frenchmen at Detroit. He's sincere in offering himself to Cadillac in place of Le Pesant in order to make peace.

"Council Held at Detroit on the 6th of August." August 6, 1707. Vol. 33, : 331-336.

Council between Cadillac and the Odawa to resolve the Odawa and Miami hostilities. Cadillac demands Le Pesant, Miami and Huron demand vengeance, and Cadillac gives them Odawa slaves.

"Words of the Ottawa to Cadillac." September 24, 1707. Vol. 33, : 346-350.

The Odawa deliver Le Pesant and beg for his life. He escapes and Cadillac pardons him and grants peace and presents to the Odawa. (Le Pesant is an 80-year-old man whose name means "The Heavy One.")

"Speeches of Three Indians from Michilimackinac." October 7, 1707. Vol. 33, : 362-365.

The Michigan Indians who came to Detroit during the Le Pesant episode are afraid that Le Pesant will seek revenge against the Odawa who captured him.

"Observations of the Marquis de Vaudreuil on the Letter from De La Mothe." n.d. (October 1707?) Vol. 33, : 354-361.

Accuses Cadillac of letting Le Pesant escape but states that it might have been the best course of action.

Sr. d'Aigremont to Unknown. November 14, 1708. Vol. 33, : 424-452.

Another account of the attack on Detroit by the Odawa and Cadillac's handling of the crisis.

"Memorandum by Marquis de Vaudreuil and Raudot, on the other Proposal of the Sr. De La Mothe to Establish Four Companies of savages at Detroit." November 13, 1708. Vol. 33, : 399-400.

Cadillac wants to use Indians as soldiers. Vaudreuil and Raudot disagree and state their contention that Indian soldiers would be a danger to the French.

Vaudreuil and Raudot to Unknown. November 14, 1708. Vol. 33, : 401-424.

Difficulties in keeping Indinas loyal to France; Odawa attack on Detroit in 1706; Huron and Miami plotted the murder of Cadillac and killed three Frenchmen; Cadillac fails in attack on the Odawa and makes peace; French and Indian attack on a British town.

"Memorandum to Serve as Instructions from the Marquis de Vaudreuil to the Officers and Voyagers Dispatched to Bring Down to Montreal the Savages of the Upper Country." March 10, 1711. Vol. 33, : 497-502.

Attempt to demonstrate the strength of France's Indian allies to the Iroquois.

Dubuisson to Vaudreuil. June 15, 1712. Vol. 33, : 537-552.

This letter discusses war between the French and the British; destruction of Maskoutin and Outagamis villages; the Odawa Chief Saginaw; conflict of the Huron, Miami, Odawa groups of Indians against the Fox, Mascoutin, Outagamis, Iroquois; the Illinois; Missouri and Osages become French allies; and various councils, battles, sieges, etc.

Marest to Vaudreuil. July 2, 1712. Vol. 33, : 557-559.

Indian Chief Koutaouiliboe is angry with the French because Detroit makes Michilimackinac less important.

Vaudreuil to Unknown. September 6, 1712. Vol. 33, : 559-567.

Vaudreuil wants a missionary to go to Michilimackinac; more intrigue concerning Odawa, Sauk, Fox, Kickapoo, Outagamis, and Maskoutins.

Vaudreuil to Unknown. October 15, 1712. Vol. 33, : 569-571.

Fox Indians attempt to attack Detroit. Dubuisson and allied Indians killed 1000 of them.

Walker, C. I. "Early Detroit." Vol. 8, (1886): 415-44.

Includes information on Potawatomi , Fox, Iroquois, Miami, Ojibwe, and Huron Indians. Also contains a detailed account of an attempt by the Foxes to destroy the fort in 1712.

"War Against the Fox Indians and Amnesty to the Coureurs de Bois." April 28, 1816. Vol. 33, : 573-574.

Vaudreuil to Unknown. October 14, 1716. Vol. 33, : 576-579.
"Remarks on the War with the Fox Indians." n.d. (1716?) Vol. 33, : 579-582.

French war against Fox for murders of Frenchmen; calling coureurs in to serve as soldiers.

Vaudreuil to Unknown. October 12, 1717. Vol. 33, : 590-593.

New head of Detroit, Tonty, stopped Odawa from going to the English at Orange. Odawa and Potawatomi were angry about high prices and the lack of brandy at Detroit. Consequently, he had to agree to lower prices and get brandy. Also, the Odawa killed an Iroquois man and his Miami bride.

Vaudreuil to Duke of Orleans. October 12, 1717. Vol. 33, : 588-590.

De Louvigny sent to Fox to make aure that they were co-operating with the terms of peace. Smallpox edidemic among the Fox halts his efforts. The account mentions chiefs Pemoussa, Michiouaouigan, and Okimaouasen.

Vaudreuil and Began to Unknown. November 8, 1718. Vol. 33, : 595-598.

Tonty (Head of Detroit) prevents Indians from going to British and prevents a war between the Miami and the Odawa.

"Reports on American Colonies." September 8, 1721. Vol. 19, : 11-13.

Describes the importance of maintaining good relations with the Indians via annual presents, trade, treaties between tribes, and sending chiefs to Europe.

"Memorandum by the King." December 19, 1721. Vol. 33, : 704-705.

King orders traders not to give brandy to the Indians.

"The Hurons ask for Free Trade at Detroit." August 9, 1727. Vol. 34, (1905): 49-51.

The Hurons request that a system of free trade be reinstated at Detroit. Also, they ask for a new commandant.

Beaucharnois. "Beaucharnois asks that Tonty be Recalled." September 25, 1727. Vol. 34, (1905): 51-53.

This letter explains the importance of the Hurons to the settlement at Detroit and recommends that measures be taken to ensure their happiness.

Beaucharnois. "Boisheberts's Report on the Indian Trouble." Canada, July 24, 1733. Vol. 34, (1905): 108-109.

Lists casualties from and of Indian nations. Also mentions the effects of smallpox.

"War Against the Fox Indians." 1735. Vol. 34, (1905): 122-128.

Copy of the account of the journey of Sr. de Noyelle, commanding the war party against the Sauk and Fox Indians, 1735.

Woodward, A. B. "Letter from Judge Woodward. Un-addressed." Vol. 12, (1888): 508-511.

In the letter dated March 8, 1808, River Raisen, Woodward describes meetings that had recently taken place between Indian chiefs and "their French Father" or "Bonaparte."

Native American Missions and Missionaries

A collection of essays and biographies, this section deals with the Christian missionaries and the Native Americans who they came into contact with in Michigan. The majority of this section concerns the activities of missionaries (Jesuits, Moravians, etc.) who lived and worked in the Detroit, Mackinac, and Grand Rapids areas.

Entries are listed alphabetically.

Beauharnois, D'aigremont. "A Jesuit Missionary is Sent to the Detroit Hurons." Vol. 34, (1905): 63-64.

October, 1728. Jesuit missionary sent to the Huron Indians at Detroit, also explains the fears of other Indian groups assisting the Fox Indians.

Bringham, A. "The Early Mission at Sault Ste. Marie." Vol. 28, (1897): 520-524.

Bringham, a missionary, provides a history of his mission beginning in 1828. He describes the Indian's religious beliefs, medicine, drinking habits, etc.

Burton, C. M. "The Moravians at Detroit." Vol. 30, (1906): 51-63.

A history of the Detroit area Moravians; specifically their dealings with the Indians and British and the massacre at Moravian Town in 1782.

Bush, Mrs. "The Moravians in Michigan." Vol. 28, (1897): 133-137.

A history of the Moravians which includes accounts of the 1781 massacre by the British, the kidnapping of a white girl by Indians, and the Moravian Indians at a Huron settlement.

Coolidge, Orville W. "Address at the dedication of the Boulder Marking the site of Fort St. Joseph." Vol. 39, (1915): 283-291.

Includes discussion of white missionaries' work with Indians, especially Chief Pokagon, whose complete written request for a missionary in 1831 is included.

Day, J. E. "The Moravians in Michigan." Vol. 30, (1906): 44-51.

A history of the Moravians that includes their missionary work among the Indians at Detroit and the 1782 massacre at Moravian Town.

Girardin, J. A. "Life and Times of Rev. Gabriel Richard." Vol. 1, (1900): 493.

This essay contains a dialogue that took place in July of 1830 in which Chief Pokagon of the Potawatomi requested from Father Richard a resident missionary for his people.

Goss, Dwight. "The Indians of the Grand River Valley." Vol. 30, (1906): 172-190.

Discusses the settlement of Michigan by the People of the Three Fires, i.e. the Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi. Also provides information relating to traders (including Langlade), missions, sketches of various Indian villages and chiefs, Indian names of towns and rivers, 1836 and 1855 treaties, annuities, social customs, houses, and commentary on the Indians' general character.

Humphrey, James W. "The Selkirk Reservation." Vol. 32, (1903): 381-383.

Allegan County bands of Odawa and Ojibwe Indians. Selkirk was sent in 1838 as a missionary, Sagamaw was the group's leader. This document is a typically racist account of "inferior" Indians.

Lewis-Hoyt, Mary M. "Life of Leonard Slater: Pioneer Preacher and Missionary." Vol. 35, (1907): 142-155.

Depicts slater's contacts with Michigan Indians, especially near Grand Rapids. Specifically mentions chiefs Noonday, Pokagon, Topinabee, and Megisoneenee.

"Montreal Papers: trouble with the Five Nations of the Iroquois." March 23, 1682. Vol. 34, (1905): 277-285.

Extracts from the opinions given at a conference held by Reverend Jesuit fathers, on the subject of news that came from the Iroquois.

O'Brien, Frank A. "Father Frank Pierz." Vol. 39, (1915): 225-232.

A biography of Father Pierz, a missionary who worked with Michigan's Indians in the mid 19th century.

O'Brien, F. A. "Lady Antoinette Von Hoeffern." Vol. 39, (1915): 221-224.

A biography of A. Von Hoeffern, an Austrian missionary who worked with Indians in the Lake Superior region in the late 1830's.

Veruyst, Chrysostom. "Life and labors of Bishop Baraga." Vol. 36, (1908): 534-547.

A biography of an Austrian bishop (1797-1868) who ministered to the Odawa of Harbor Springs and Grand Rapids (1830- ). Baraga printed an Odawa prayer book in 1832 and he moved Lake superior at la Pointe in 1834 then to L'Anse in 1845.

Walker, C. I. "Father Marquette and the Early Jesuits of Michigan." Vol. 8, (1886): 368-392.

Recounts the Jesuits' experiences in Michigan, especially with the Indians. Explains that the Hurons were the first in the region to accept Christianity.

Williams, Meade C. "The Old Mission Church of Mackinac Island." Vol. 38, (1912): 187-196.

This essay is a short history of protestant missions to the Indians; Indian schools on Mackinac; history of the Mackinac mission.

Wilson, Etta Smith. "Life and work to the Late rev. George N. Smith, a Pioneer Missionary." Vol. 30, (1906): 190-212.

Pages 198-207 describe the Odawa and Ojibwe colony at Allegan, 1838-1839. Also includes is a discussion of the colony's move to Holland in 1839 and its being called Old Wing Mission; troubles with the Dutch at Holland after 1847; and the move to Leelenaw in 1848.

Native American Presents and Gift Giving

Entries are listed chronologically.

"List of Prices for Indian Goods." February 1761. Vol. 19, (1891): 59-60.

Lists prices for trade goods in quantities of "bucks" - whether this term is used to denote money or deer is unclear.

De Peyster, Arent. "List of Indian Licenses Granted at Quebec for Michilimackinac and Places Beyond from the 13th day of April to the 4th day of June, 1778. Accounting Where the Arms and Ammunition Distend After it Arives at the post of Michilimackinac." Vol. 9, (1886): 650.

"List of Goods Given in a Present to the Ottawas of arbecroche and Kishkacon Equally Divided in the Fall of 1778." Vol. 9, (1886): 655.

Arent De Peyster to Frederick Haldimand. June 8, 1780. Vol. 10, (1888): 399-400.

Notes the Indians' requests for rum and the usefulness of the gift-giving system.

"Inventory of Merchandise for Indian Presents Remaining in the King's Store, Detroit the 17th July 1781." Vol. 10, (1888): 496

Campbell, John. "Invoice of Goods for Presents to Indians." August 31, 1781. Vol. 19, (1891): 568-661.

Sent to Lieutenant Governor Sinclair at Michilimackinac.

De Peyster. "Estimate of Merchandise Wanted for Indian Presents at Detroit to 20th August 1782." Vol. 10, (1888): 632-633.

"Lt. Gov. Sinclair's Estimate of Goods Needed for Indians." September 1, 1782. Vol. 20, (1892): 51-54.

Gifts at Detroit.

De Peyster. "Estimate of Merchandise." August 21, 1782 through August 20, 1783. Vol. 11, (1888): 382-383.

Estimate of merchandise wanted by Major De Peyster, Commander of Detroit and its dependencies, for Indian presents.

Bleakley, Josiah. "Return of Indian Presents." November 7, 1782 through April 5, 1783. Vol. 11, (1888): 356-357.

Allen Maclean to Haldimand." December 24, 1782. Vol. 20, (1892): 84-86.

Explains some difficulty in delivering presents due to the weather.

Bleakley, Josiah. "Return of Indian Presents Issued at the Post of Michilimackinac by Order of Captain Daniel Robertson, 1783." Vol. 13, (1889): 73-74.

De Peyster. "Merchandise Necessary for Indians at Detroit." n.d. (1794?) Vol. 20, (1892): 271.

List of provisions needed as gifts for "savages" near Detroit.

McKee, Alexander. "Estimate of the Deficiency in the Store of the Indian Department at Michilimackinac According to captain Doyle's return of the Proceedings of a Board of Survey Held there 19 January 1793." Vol. 12, (1888): 41.

McKee. "Provisions Ordered to Detroit for Indians." February 21, 1793. Vol. 20, (1892): 313.

Items sent to Sandusky for the following spring.

La Mothe, Guill'm. "General Return of Indian Presents Remaining in, Received into and Issued from His majesty's Store at Michilimackinac between 25th June and 24th December 1793 by Guill'm La Mothe Interpreter and Store Keeper at this Post." Vol. 12, (1888): 96-97.

Doyle, William. "Requests for Indian Presents." Vol. 12, (1888): 82-84.

Doyle sends a detailed request of the supplies he would like to have at Fort Michilimackinac for Indian gifts in 1794. He also notes an upcoming peace conference, the importance of tobacco, and the good conduct of the Indians engaged in trade.

Duggan, Thomas. "Complaints of Indians." Detroit, 16 April 1794. Vol. 12, (1888): 110-111.

Duggan argues that the Indians of the Seven Nations of Canada's complaints about the supplies issued to them are "quite groundless."

"Return of Presents Remaining in the Indian Store." Detroit, 6 October 1794. Vol. 12, (1888): 146-147.

Detailed list of goods to be issues as presents for Indians.

"Indian Presents, Michilimackinac, 1794-1795." Vol. 12, (1888): 156-159.

Series of letters and returns of British officers at Fort Michilimackinac regarding the numbers and distribution of Indian presents.

"Requisition for and Survey of Indian Supplies." 1795. Vol. 12, (1888): 174-176.

Requisition for provisions and Rum for Indians at Detroit. Also, list of Michilimackinac's Indian stores.

"Statement of Equipments Commonly Given to Indians." Vol. 12, (1888): 264-266.

Explains how gifts are to be distributed to Indians. Quantity and quality of goods given to an Indian were based on his age, status, and leadership classifications.

"Account of Issues from Indian Stores." 1796. Vol. 20, (1892): 495-497.

Lees, John. "Deficiencies and Damage on Indian Stores." October 17, 1796. Vol. 20, (1892): 455.

James Molloy to John Lees. September 28, 1796. Vol. 20, (1892): 476-477.

"Certificate of James Molloy Relative to Damaged Goods." October 10, 1796. Vol. 20, (1892): 480-481.

"Statement of James Molloy Relative to Stolen Indian Goods." October 10, 1796. Vol. 20, (1892): 481-482.

John Lees to James Green. October 17, 1796. Vol. 20, (1892): 483-487.

"Report of Atty. General T. Sewell to Robert Prescott." December 5, 1796. Vol. 20, (1892): 492-493.

Itemized list of damaged goods sent from La Chine to Detroit and Michilimackinac, and the resulting investigation as to whether the goods were damaged during a robbery.

Mcknee, T. "Requisitions for Stores Wanting to Complete the Supply of Presents for the Different Indians Resorting at the Post of St. Joseph for the Year 1796." March 24, 1798. Vol. 20, (1892): 596-598.

Elliot, M. "Goods Recommended to be Given to the Indians." September 20, 1797. Vol. 20, (1892): 545-547.

Gifts to Massassaguas, Potawatomi , Odawa, Muncie, and Ojibwe.

"Requisition for Goods for Indian Presents for 1800 and 1801." October 2, 1798. Vol. 20, (1892): 660-663.

"Indian Presents and Stores." 1798-1799. Vol. 12, (1888): 273-294.

Supply of presents, stores, and rum for Amherstburg and St. Joseph.

Hull to Dearborn. May 15, 1807. Vol. 40, (1929): 119-122.

Hull is providing glass for windows, various farming implements, repairing metal works for the Ojibwe, Odawa, Potawatomi , Wiyandot, Shawnee, Delaware, and Muncie Indians, who are pleased that the terms of the Treaty of Greenville are being upheld.

Hull to Dearborn. July 15, 1807. Vol. 40, (1929): 155-157.

Hull defends his policy of giving gifts to the Indians, but offers to change.

"Invoices of Indian Goods, 1809, and Receipt for the Same." April 24, 1809. Vol. 36, (1908): 358-362.

Contents of Sundry boxes and kegs and a receipt signed with pictographs of chiefs of different tribes, including Walk In the Water, a Wyandot chief.

"Requisition for Indian Presents in Case of War with the United States." n.d. (1809?) Vol. 23, (1893): 70-72.

Itemized list of goods.

"Account of Sundries del'd by Robert Dickson and Co. to the Sioux Follesavonies Winebagoes - Indians at the Praire du Cheen, July 1812." Vol. 15, (1889): 91-92.

Dickson, Robert. "Statement of Expenses." Montreal, December 3, 1812. Vol. 15, (1889): 193-195.

Dickson provides the British government with a list of expenses he incurred while persuading Indian nations not to ally with the Americans.

Dickson, Robert. "Letter to the Commander in Chief of British Forces, Quebec, Dec. 23rd 1812." Vol. 15, (1889): 208-209.

Dickson lists the items and actions that will be necessary to secure the loyalty of various Indian nations.

"Indian Presents Shipped to Michilimackinac: 9 July and 10 Sept. 1814." Vol. 15, (1889): 606-608, 613-616.

Sheaffe, R. H. "Returns of Indian Gifts and Instruction Regarding their Dispersal, Sept. 1814." Vol. 15, (1889): 644-651.

"Invoice of Indian Presents, Michilimackinac 29 Oct. 1814." Vol. 15, (1889): 654-656.

"Indian Stores Required for Presents to Indians who Resort to the Post of Michilimackinac and its Dependances for the Year 1816." Jan. 2, 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 36-37.

McDonall, Robert. "Indian Stores Required for Presents for the Western Indians for the Year 1815." Jan. 3, 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 33-35.

James Finlay to Secretary Freer. Jan. 13, 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 40.

This letter concerns the stores requested by McDonell, asks if anything else is needed, and suggests location of depots, etc.

Robert Dickson to Lieut. Gen. Drummond. Jan. 17, 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 41-42.

Dickson writes from Green Bay, explaining that the amount of goods to be used as presents is not sufficient due to the great demand for supplies and the high quantity of goods than had been damaged or ruined. He suggests an attack on St. Louis to stop the Americans from inciting a revolt of Indians in Missouri.

McDonell. "Stationary required for the Indian Department of western nations for the Year 1815." Jan. 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 35.

Lieut. Gen. Drummond to George Prevost. February 8, 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 47.

Suggests route by which the Lake Ontario Indians can be moved to territory along the Mississippi River, fears they will think the English are trying to get out of giving them gifts.

Robert McDonell to A. Bulger. February 16 and 18, 1815. Vol. 23, (1893): 471-478.

McDonell is upset by the scarcity of presents for Indians. He states that this situation cannot be remedied; the Indians will not trust the British any longer because of the big promises that have not been fulfilled.

George Crooleshonk to Lt. Col. Foster. July 7, 1815. Vol. 16, (1890): 155-156.

Details return of Indian gifts meant for Fort Michilimackinac on the schooner Enterprise, includes list of items.

Askin, John. "From Mr. Askin." 1815? Vol. 16, (1890) 32-33.

Letter to an unknown person advising that Mr. Dickson has been appropriating more than his share of supplies for the Western Indians, causing jealously among the Odawa and Chippewa.

John Askin to William Claus. Jan.15, 1816. Vol. 16, (1890): 416-421.

Discusses interpreters, the purchase of Drummond Island from the Ojibwe, and gift-giving to Indians.

Thomas Howard to Lt. Col. Foster. July 26, 1818. Vol. 16, (1890): 621-623.

Indians of Drummond are angry because they are not receiving their presents due to detention of shipment by the Americans.

Thomas Trew to William Robertson. August 17, 1818. Vol. 16, (1890): 633-634.

William Robertson to Major Bowles. October 15, 1818. Vol. 16, (1890): 642.

Thomas Trew to Robertson. n.d. Vol. 16, (1890): 644.

Robertson to Trew. October 17 and 18, 1818. Vol. 16, (1890): 645.

Discusses the issue of whether or not wives of interpreters and "women who co-habitat with Europeans" should receive gifts.

"Memorial of Amable Chevalier." October 3, 1821. Vol. 23, (1893): 113-115.

"Goods Referred to the Foregoing Memorial." n.d. Vol. 23, (1893): 113-115.

Chevalier, chief of Algonquins, is asking the Governor of Canada for a list of goods in exchange for service to the British.

"Invoice of Goods and Merchandise Taken by John A. Drew in his Trade with the Indians at Grand River - December 12 - 1834." Vol. 37, (1910): 309-311.

Robinson, Seth T. "Early Indian Orders." Vol. 35, (1907): 695-696.

These 1859 letters from Robinson to C. Mears and John Sedam request that they distribute 2000 feet of lumber to three Indians and send the charges for the lumber to the Indian Department.

Pontiac's Conspiracy

Primary documents such as the reports of military commanders and the speeches delivered by Native Americas, as well as secondary sources describe the events leading up to the revolt, the capture of Fort Michilimackinac, the siege of Detroit, and the aftermath.

General Histories

Burton, Clarence M. "Amusements in Detroit in Colonial days." Vol. 38, (1912): 324-342.

Discusses Indian weapons, sieges of Detroit, Lacrosse, and Indian goods such as trumpets, drums, and beads. Also mentions the British prohibition against selling brandy to Indians and Pontiac's War.

Christian, E. P. "Historical Associations Connected with Wyandotte and Vicinity." Vol. 13, (1889): 308-324.

Contains a history of Pontiac's rebellion and of the assignments given to other tribes. Example: the destruction of Michilimackinac "allotted to the Ojibways."

"Conspiracy of Pontiac and the Seige of Detroit." Vol. 8, (1886): 340-364.

Five eyewitness accounts by settlers of Pontiac's siege of Detroit.

Headley, J. T. "Pontiac; or the Siege of Detroit." Vol. 21, (1892): 613-639.

This biography of Pontiac contains a lengthy description of the siege of Detroit.

Kelton, Dwight H. "Mackinac County. County of Mackinac--from the Annals of Fort Mackinac." Vol. 6, (1884): 343-357.

Provides a description of the Indian ball game, Bag-gab-i-way, which was used by the Indians under Pontiac to distract the soldiers at Fort Michilimackinac during Pontiac's rebellion.

McKenney, T. L. "The Indian Chief Pontiac, and the Seige of Detroit." Vol. 6, (1884): 504-512.

This essay includes an interesting account of how an Indian woman may have revealed Pontiac's plans of attack to Major Gladwin of Fort Detroit.

Miller, Albert. "An Incident in the Capture of Mackinaw." Vol. 13, (1889): 499-501.

Describes the capture of the fort, including how a ball game was used to gain entry. Also, the rescue of Captain Etherington.

Moore, Charles. "The Gladwin Manuscripts." Vol. 27, (1896): 605-680.

Henry Gladwin was commander of Detroit during Pontiac's siege. Pages 612-630 are a history of Gladwin and the siege. Pages 631-680 reprint letters and papers related to the siege.

Osband, Melvin D. "The Michigan Indians." Vol. 29, (1901): 697-709.

This account of the Native Americans of Michigan is deeply rooted in the manifest-destiny perspective of nineteenth-century white Americans. It contains a lengthy essay about civilization and savagery, as well as a discussion of treaties and of Pontiac's Conspiracy.

"The Pontiac Manuscript." Vol. 8, (1886): 266-339.

A detailed account of Pontiac's siege of Detroit, possibly the work of a French priest. Unfinished.

Primary Documents

Entries are listed chronologically.

Donald Campbell to Henry Bouquet. June 16, 1761. Vol. 19, (1891): 76-77.

Campbell to Bouquet. June 21, 1761. Vol. 19, (1891): 78-79.

Bouquet to Robert Monckton. June 30, 1761. Vol. 19, (1891): 81-82.

Bouquet to Campbell. June 30, 1761. Vol. 19, (1891): 82-84.

Campbell is worried about the Iroquois' attempts to involve the Indians around Detroit in a war against the British. However, the Detroit Indians reassure the British that they had rejected the Iroquois entreaties.

Campbell to Henry Bouquet. July 22, 1761. Vol. 19, (1891): 94-96.

Bouquet to Robert Monckton. July 24, 1761. Vol. 19, (1891): 96-97.

Campbell to Bouquet. July 27, 1761. Vol. 19, (1891): 98-100.

Campbell to Bouquet. July 30, 1761. Vol. 19, (1891): 101.

Various letters concerning the possibility of the Indians around Detroit joining the Iroquois confederacy against the British.

"Indian Speech." March 30, 1763. Vol. 19, (1891): 181-182.

Speech by chief of Miamis at Fort Miami. Concerns wampum belt passed from the Shawnee and Delaware which was originally from the Seneca. The Miami were supposed to rise up and kill the English, but they decided against it and reported the conspiracy instead.

Bouquet Papers. May 30, 1763-February 26, 1765. 60 items. Vol. 19, (1891): 188-295.

S. Ecuyer to Henry Bouquet. May 30, 1763. p. 188.

"Indian Intelligence." June 1, 1763. p. 186-187.

J. Christie to Lieutenant Gordon. June 3, 1763. p. 188-189.

Letter to Henry Bouquet. June 11, 1763. p. 190.

Bouquet to S. Ecuyer. June 14, 1763. p. 191.

George Croghan to Bouquet. June 17, 1763. p. 192-193.

Jeffrey Amherst to Bouquet. June 19, 1763. p. 193-194.

Amherst to Henry Hamilton. June 19, 1763. p. 195.

Bouquet to Amherst. June 23, 1763. p. 195-196.

Amherst to Bouquet. June 23, 1763. p. 196-198.

Amherst to Bouquet. June 25, 1763. p. 198-200.

Bouquet to Amherst. June 25, 1763. p. 200-201.

G. Price to Bouquet. June 26, 1763. p. 201-203.

Amherst to Bouquet. June 29, 1763. p. 203-204.

Amherst to Bouquet. July 2, 1763. p. 204-205.

Henry Gladwin to Bouquet. July 8, 1763. p. 208.

John Christie to Bouquet. July 10, 1763. p. 209-211.

William Johnson to Amherst. July 11, 1763. p. 211-212.

James MacDonald to Bouquet. July 12, 1763. p. 212-219.

Bouquet to Amherst. August 5, 1763. p. 219-220.

Bouquet to Amherst. August 6, 1763. p. 221-222.

Amherst to Bouquet. August 7, 1763. p. 223-224.

Bouquet to Amherst. August 11, 1763. p. 224-226.

Bouquet to Amherst. August 27, 1763. p. 227-228.

Amherst to Lieut. Governor Fanquier. August 29, 1763. p. 228-229.

Amherst to Colonel Stephen. August 31, 1763. p. 229-230.

Bouquet to Amherst. September 7, 1763. p. 230-231.

Amherst to Bouquet. September 25, 1763. p. 233-234.

Amherst to Bouquet. October 3, 1763. p. 237-238.

Bouquet to Amherst. October 24, 1763. p. 238-241.

Bouquet to Amherst. November 11, 1763. p. 241-242.

Thomas Gage to Bouquet. December 22, 1763. p. 244-246.

Bouquet to Gage. December 27, 1763. p. 246-247.

Dedereck Brehm to Bouquet. January 4, 1764. p. 247.

George McDougall to Bouquet. January 8, 1764. p. 248.

Bouquet to Gage. February 11, 1764. p. 249-250.

McDougall to Bouquet. March 24, 1764. p. 250-251.

"Deposition of Gorsham Hicks." April 14, 1764. p. 253-255.

Dedereck Brehm to Bouquet. May 1, 1764. p. 256-257.

Gage to Bouquet. May 14, 1764. p. 257-259.

Bouquet to Johnson. May 31, 1764. p. 259-261.

Bouquet to William Rutherford. July 5, 1764. p. 263-264.

Bouquet to Colonel Stephen. July 5, 1764. p. 264-265.

Bouquet to John Harris. July 19, 1764. p. 267-268.

Gage to Bouquet. August 18, 1764. p. 269-271.

Bouquet to Amherst. August 27, 1764. p. 269-271.

Gage to Bouquet. September 2, 1764. p. 272-273.

Bouquet to Gage. September 5, 1764. p. 273-274.

Bouquet to Bradstreet. September 12, 1764. p. 274.

Gage to Bouquet. September 15, 1764. p. 274-275.

John Reid to Bouquet. September 18, 1764. p. 275-276.

Gage to Bouquet. October 1, 1764. p. 276.

Gage to Bouquet. October 15, 1764. p. 277-278.

Gage to Bouquet. October 21, 1764. p. 278-279.

Bouquet to Gage. November 15, 1764. p. 279-282.

Henry Bouquet. "Orders by Colonel Henry Bouquet." November 29, 1764. p. 282-283.

Bouquet to Gage. November 30, 1764. p. 283-287.

Gage to Bouquet. December 7, 1764. p. 287-289.

Gage to Bouquet. December 20, 1764. p. 289-293.

Gage to Bouquet. February 26, 1765. p. 294-295.

Colonel Henry Bouquet was the British commander at Fort Pitt (Pittsburgh) during Pontiac's failed 1763 siege of Detroit. His papers, reprinted in volume 19 of this resource, contain 59 documents to and from Bouquet pertaining to the British reaction to Pontiac's conspiracy and the eventual peace reached in late 1764.

Prehistory and Archeology

Composed mostly of historical essays, this section includes discussion of the ancient burial mounds, garden beds, grave goods, skeletal remains, and other "relics" of Michigan's pre-European contact Native American cultures.

Entries are listed alphabetically.

Cannon, George H. "Prehistoric Forts in Macomb County." Vol. 38, (1912): 73-78.

Evidence of earth and stone mounds and cultivation. Includes maps, but does not suggest how old the ruins are.

Dustin, Fred. "Saginaw County as a Center of Aboriginal Population." Vol. 34, (1915): 251-260.

Explains the geographical and environmental benefits of Saginaw, information that can be gathered from relics, Ojibwe historical accounts, and legends.

Gillman, Henry. "The Mound Builders in Michigan." Vol. 2, (1880): 40-52.

Discusses ancient mounds, relics, burial items, the construction of tools, and mining processes at Isle Royal in Lake Superior.

Evidence of cultivation, burial mounds, and what resembles a fort on a knoll.

Hubbard, Bela. "Ancient Garden Beds of Michigan." Vol. 2, (1880): 21-35.

This work discusses a class of earthworks "of unknown age and origin" built by early Native Americans in Michigan. Includes eight scale diagrams.

Leach, Morgan. "History of the Grand Traverse Region." Vol. 32, (1903): 14-175.

Discusses mound builders, the migration of the Odawa, and the extermination of a tribe known as the Mushquatas.

"Michigan State Historical Society." Vol. 12, (1888): 316-350.

Discusses some Indian burial relics donated to the Society by Mr. Thomas Palmer.

Osband, Melvin D. "My Recollection of Pioneers and Pioneer Life in Nankin." Vol. 14, (1890): 446.

Briefly discusses a cut piece of wood discovered in 1834 that was believed to have been cut 225 years before and then sealed in an oak tree.

"Prehistoric Bones Here." Vol. 35, (1907): 703-704.

Discusses a large "Indian mound" found in Pentwater county which contained many animal bones, such as buffalo and probably mastodon.

Reeder, John T. "Evidences of Prehistoric Man on Lake Superior." Vol. 30, (1906): 110-118.

Discusses ancient copper mines near Lake Superior. Contains his theory of an "ancient race of man" who mined the area 700-800 years earlier in a seasonal migratory pattern, since there was no evidence of towns or burial sites.

Smith, Harlan. "The Antiquities of Michigan, Their Value and Impending Loss." Vol. 31, (1902): 238-252.

Cites examples of earthworks and other archaeological finds in Michigan. Argues for their importance and preservation.

Smith, Samuel. "Pre-historic and Modern Copper Mines of Lake Superior." Vol. 39, (1915): 137-151.

Describes technology of ancient miners, ancient uses of copper, trade routes and commodities, and other elements.